The Shareholder Rights and Activism Review, 1st Edition

This article was first published in The Shareholder Rights and Activism Review, 1st Edition, Law Business Research

Overview

Shareholder activism continues to grow in prevalence and significance in the UK, in common with global trends. While shareholder activism is not a new concept in the UK market, the type of investors undertaking activism, the companies that they are targeting and the outcomes that they are seeking to achieve have continued to evolve over recent years, influenced in large part by the development of such activity in the US.

‘Shareholder activism’ is a generic term that is usually used to describe an approach by a shareholder or shareholder group to a company’s board, and if necessary to its fellow shareholders, seeking to effect change within a company. While shareholder activism in the UK has historically been focused on obtaining board representation, activist investors have begun to utilise the legal and regulatory tools available to them to achieve a more diverse range of outcomes, short of a full control transaction.

Shareholder activism campaigns in the UK can be categorised in many different ways. One simple approach is to distinguish between: (1) event-driven activism, where an activist shareholder will seek to assert its influence on a company’s then-current corporate activity, particularly in relation to a takeover or other M&A situation; and (2) strategic or operational activism, where outside of a company’s then-current corporate activity, a shareholder activist seeks to address operational performance, balance sheet or other strategic issues, or some other longer-term concern at a company, such as governance or remuneration. While strategic or operational activism is often associated with management or leadership changes, achieving control in the strict company law sense is not usually an objective and paying a control premium is something activists will seek to avoid.

Just as the type of shareholder activism can vary broadly, there is no one type of shareholder activist in the UK, and the term can cover a wide range of investors. Some activists are specific investment funds with activism as their business model, and it is these investors that are generally classed as ‘activist’ shareholders. Equally, existing shareholders may become ‘active’ shareholders, for example, where they consider that the company is underperforming or they disagree with the decisions being made by the company’s board. Traditionally, institutional investors in the UK have refrained from voicing their concerns or criticisms of management in the public domain and the vocal activist community has historically been composed of hedge funds, specific investment funds and other alternative investors. Increasingly, however, institutional investors and other shareholders are becoming more prepared to air their concerns in the open, or to lend their support (publicly or privately) to those who are more willing or able to do so, when they feel that their concerns are not being registered by management. ‘Activist’ shareholders are sometimes described as performing a ‘lightning rod’ role for such dissent in the public market; they can sometimes provide a useful channel for such dissatisfaction felt by a wider group of shareholders.

The specific shareholder activist funds operating in the UK are generally well researched, tactically astute and determined, and come armed with the funds needed to support their campaigns. Such activists will be prepared for a hostile response (and will not shy away from public disagreement) but may prefer to reach a consensual agreement with a board if they can. They are persistent (some with multi-year time horizons on their investment) and relatively resistant in the face of an initial knockback (with a number of examples of activists willingly reiterating arguments and returning to shareholders for a second shareholder vote).

This chapter considers: (1) the legal and regulatory framework relating to shareholder activism campaigns in the UK; (2) the key trends in shareholder activism in the UK that have emerged in recent years; (3) examples of recent shareholder activist campaigns in the UK; and (4) future regulatory developments that may affect shareholder activism in the UK.

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